{"id":9356,"date":"2023-05-29T17:27:31","date_gmt":"2023-05-29T17:27:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/?page_id=9356"},"modified":"2023-09-19T09:07:50","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T09:07:50","slug":"narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/","title":{"rendered":"Narcissists skillfully fake neurotypical  emotions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9356\" class=\"elementor elementor-9356\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"wpr-jarallax elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03caa68 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-stretched wpr-jarallax-yes elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle wpr-particle-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" speed-data=\"1.5\" bg-image=\"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Venus-silhouette-min.png\" bg-image-mobile=\"\" scroll-effect=\"scroll\" data-id=\"03caa68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89b4d03\" data-id=\"89b4d03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ad4c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"24ad4c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92cf661 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"92cf661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xxl\">A Window on The Soul<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aed3a22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aed3a22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Spotting Snakes by their Speech Patterns<\/strong><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a298df3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"a298df3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-312ad17\" data-id=\"312ad17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-57f5833 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"57f5833\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6ce469\" data-id=\"b6ce469\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbd7a9e elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbd7a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>HOW ONLINE DATING SITES ISOLATE SNAKY MEMBERS<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><h5>It&#8217;s currently difficult for online dating sites to spot applications from potentially toxic individuals in advance.\u00a0 At present, admins and moderators wait until a member reports abuse by another member.\u00a0 Then the offender gets &#8216;ghosted,&#8217; i.e. their details will be hidden in searches.<\/h5><h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">he troublemaker thinks they&#8217;re <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">still <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">on the site, but no one else can see them.\u00a0 When they get no &#8216;likes&#8217; they eventually lose interest and go away.<\/span><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d55175\" data-id=\"0d55175\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482d33c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"482d33c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A Telling Study of Online Profiles<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Psychologists Mike Woodworth and Steve Porter <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6vF5PtdiiCo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noticed manipulative language patterns<\/a><\/span> in narcissistic individuals, prior to them being accepted as members of an online dating club.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This ability to proactively assess language for tell-tale characteristics of deception will be of great benefit to dating agencies and their members.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-13ca5cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"13ca5cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c6c530\" data-id=\"7c6c530\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ddbe00 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ddbe00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Being emotionally barren, narcissistic individuals are liable to abuse a romantic relationship.<\/span><\/strong><\/h4><h5><em><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Unfortunately, that doesn\u2019t deter them from seeking liaisons to satisfy their need for <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.choosingtherapy.com\/narcissistic-supply\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supply<\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c64dcbc\" data-id=\"c64dcbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02e539 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"e02e539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;mute&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/831476716?autoplay=1&amp;playsinline=1&amp;color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=1&amp;muted=1&amp;title=0&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1&amp;h=3a021d23a0#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28e5d60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"28e5d60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ef10d43\" data-id=\"ef10d43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e803f65 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e803f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>The words of narcissists reveal a predatory nature behind their mask<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><br \/><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mike Woodworth points out:<\/span><\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u201c<\/strong><em><strong>Narcissistic individuals have a prodigious ability to micromanage the way they present themselves. \u00a0There&#8217;s an almost chameleon like level of vivid awareness of how they appear to others, so it\u2019s tough trying to assess them face-to-face.\u00a0 Being able to sit back and analyse their speech is a good way to identify patterns of manipulation and distortion.\u201d<\/strong><br \/><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Describing their <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6vF5PtdiiCo&amp;t=2846s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ground-breaking research<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>, Woodworth explains:<\/span><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_9653\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9653\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"wp-image-9653 size-medium\" title=\" Narcissists focus on the lower needs of Maslow pyramid hierarchy of needs 3d vector chart on white background\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/47040.jpg?resize=300%2C267&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Narcissists focus on the lower needs of Maslow's hierarchy of needs\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9653\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Designed by macrovector \/ Freepik<\/figcaption><\/figure><blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&#8220;<em>The narcissist&#8217;s world view is instrumental in style, that is to say their thinking focusses on functional needs.\u00a0 This pattern is evident in their speech.\u00a0 They talk more about material things, what they are going to do, what they will eat and drink and less about love, family, evil, God etc. \u2013 i.e. they concentrate on the lower level of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. \u00a0Ideas and emotions are only voiced in reaction.<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Food and physical wants are at the bottom of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs and literature suggests that Narcissists are much more focused on this lower level.\u00a0 They are really unconcerned with self-actualisation.<\/em>\u00a0 <em>They have a grandiose view of themselves as being the epitome of perfection already, so intimacy and self-actualisation are superfluous.&#8221;<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451bc28 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"451bc28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\">The assessment of words from self-narratives using automated analyses might be an accurate and reliable screening tool for identifying narcissistic individuals.<\/span><\/strong><\/h4><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Words can be a window on the soul, and computers are learning to peer through that window. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/312579739_The_Linguistic_Output_of_Psychopathic_Offenders_During_a_PCL-R_Interview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A study by Cornell university<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span> showed that computer analyses can identify the speech patterns that psychopaths tend to use.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Psychopaths are inclined to make identifiable word choices when talking about their crimes, the study finds. Their words reflect their personalities, showing selfishness, detachment from their crimes and emotional flatness, report Jeff Hancock, Cornell professor of communication, and colleagues at the University of British Columbia reported Sept. 11 in the online edition of the journal Legal and Criminological Psychology.\u00a0 Hancock said:<\/span><\/p><blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>&#8220;Our paper is the first to show that you can use automated tools to detect the distinct speech patterns of psychopaths.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><figure id=\"attachment_9667\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9667\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"wp-image-9667 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/adult-blank-business-businessman-businesswoman-caucasian-1448695-pxhere.com_.jpg?resize=398%2C259&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Words are a window on the narcissist&#039;s soul\" width=\"398\" height=\"259\" title=\"\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assessment of words from self-narratives might help identify narcissists in advance.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A psychopath, as described by psychologists, is emotionally flat, lacks empathy for the feelings of others, and is free of remorse. Psychopaths behave as if the world is to be used for their benefit, and they employ deception and feigned emotion to manipulate others.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The words of the experimental subjects matched these descriptions. Psychopaths used more conjunctions like <em>&#8220;because,&#8221; &#8220;since&#8221;<\/em> or <em>&#8220;so that,&#8221;<\/em> implying that the crime <em>&#8220;had to be done&#8221;<\/em> to obtain a particular goal. They used twice as many words relating to physical needs, such as food, sex or money, while non-psychopaths used more words about social needs, including family, religion and spirituality.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Study co-author Michael Woodworth, associate professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, prefaced the title of the paper with<em> &#8220;Hungry Like the Wolf&#8221;<\/em> to reflect the fact that psychopaths are predators and that their stories often included details of what they had to eat on the day of their crime.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Psychopaths were more likely to use the past tense, suggesting a detachment from their crimes. They tended to be less fluent in their speech, using more <em>&#8220;ums&#8221;<\/em> and <em>&#8220;uhs.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0 The exact reason for this is not clear, but the researchers speculate that the psychopath is trying harder to make a positive impression and needs to use more mental effort to frame the story.\u00a0 The researchers concluded:<\/span><\/p><blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>&#8220;The psychopath&#8217;s world view is fundamentally different from the rest of the human species.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote><h6><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The above details were<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">extracted from an <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.cornell.edu\/stories\/2011\/10\/words-psychopaths-reveal-their-predatory-nature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span>article<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 b<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\">y Bill Steele <\/span>that appeared in Cornell Chronicle on 17th October, 2011<\/span><\/em><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffafc5a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffafc5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>The Bottom Line<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"alignright wp-image-495\" title=\"Narcissists are thought to represent 1% of the population. We learn to avoid them in real life. \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=420%2C182&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Narcissists are thought to represent 1% of the population. We learn to avoid them in real life. \" width=\"420\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?w=2845&amp;ssl=1 2845w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=300%2C130&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=1024%2C443&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=768%2C332&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=1536%2C664&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?resize=2048%2C885&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/snake-pit-min.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><br \/>We rarely meet p<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">eople exhibiting <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">the above <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">traits <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">in real life. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0These snake-cool actors<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">are thought to <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">represent just <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dark_triad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #3366ff;\">1% of the population<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">, and w<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">e learn to avoid them.\u00a0 We mix with friends having common interests f<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">rom an early age<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">.\u00a0 Kids in the school playground, for instance, watch bullies congregate, see how they behave, and stay clear.<\/span><\/p><h5 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">On the internet bullies connect snakily, and without restraint.<\/span><\/h5><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\">On a first encounter, cool actors may appear charming and charismatic.\u00a0 That&#8217;s why many abuse victims fail to recognise narcissistic behaviour for what it is.\u00a0 Scrutinising patterns of speech could help identify traits of manipulation and distortion that are evident early on.\u00a0 We hope these ideas assist in recognising <\/span><span style=\"color: #000080;\">snake-<\/span><span style=\"color: #000080;\">cool actors so you connect with warm people.\u00a0 <\/span><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.matthaig.com\/books\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matt Haig<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> writes: <\/span><strong><em style=\"color: #000080;\">&#8220;Life is warmth.\u00a0 You&#8217;ll be cool when you&#8217;re dead.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2886873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2886873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a69c56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2a69c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0c23f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0c23f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Copyright \u00a9 2022.\u00a0 All Rights Reserved.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/privacy-policy-2\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ffffff;\">Privacy &amp; Ethics Policies<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e46796a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"e46796a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7dd316\" data-id=\"b7dd316\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ac6a0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"7ac6a0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9bd06a4\" data-id=\"9bd06a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f9978f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f9978f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #ccffff;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a style=\"color: #ccffff; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/11449-2\/#:~:text=are%20marked%20*-,Comment,-Name%20*\">Contact the author here<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>, or share with your friends:\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-943b298\" data-id=\"943b298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5937d8 elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-sharing-buttons\" data-id=\"d5937d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-sharing-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wpr-sharing-buttons elementor-grid wpr-sharing-official wpr-sharing-label-off wpr-sharing-label-tr\"><div class=\"elementor-grid-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/\" class=\"wpr-sharing-icon wpr-sharing-facebook-f\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook-f\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"elementor-grid-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/\" class=\"wpr-sharing-icon wpr-sharing-twitter\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"elementor-grid-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/&amp;title=Narcissists skillfully fake neurotypical  emotions&amp;summary=A Window on The Soul Spotting Snakes by their Speech Patterns HOW ONLINE DATING SITES ISOLATE SNAKY MEMBERS It&#8217;s currently difficult for online dating sites to spot applications from potentially toxic individuals in advance.\u00a0 At present, admins and moderators wait until a member reports abuse by another member.\u00a0 Then the offender gets &#8216;ghosted,&#8217; i.e. their details will be hidden in searches. The troublemaker thinks they&#8217;re still on the site, but no one else can see them.\u00a0 When they get no &#8216;likes&#8217; they eventually lose interest and go away. A Telling Study of Online Profiles Psychologists Mike Woodworth and Steve Porter noticed manipulative language patterns in narcissistic individuals, prior to them being accepted as members of an online dating club. This ability to proactively assess language for tell-tale characteristics of deception will be of great benefit to dating agencies and their members. Being emotionally barren, narcissistic individuals are liable to abuse a romantic relationship. Unfortunately, that doesn\u2019t deter them from seeking liaisons to satisfy their need for supply. The words of narcissists reveal a predatory nature behind their mask Mike Woodworth points out: \u201cNarcissistic individuals have a prodigious ability to micromanage the way they present themselves. \u00a0There&#8217;s an almost chameleon like level of vivid awareness of how they appear to others, so it\u2019s tough trying to assess them face-to-face.\u00a0 Being able to sit back and analyse their speech is a good way to identify patterns of manipulation and distortion.\u201d Describing their ground-breaking research, Woodworth explains: &#8220;The narcissist&#8217;s world view is instrumental in style, that is to say their thinking focusses on functional needs.\u00a0 This pattern is evident in their speech.\u00a0 They talk more about material things, what they are going to do, what they will eat and drink and less about love, family, evil, God etc. \u2013 i.e. they concentrate on the lower level of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. \u00a0Ideas and emotions are only voiced in reaction. Food and physical wants are at the bottom of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs and literature suggests that Narcissists are much more focused on this lower level.\u00a0 They are really unconcerned with self-actualisation.\u00a0 They have a grandiose view of themselves as being the epitome of perfection already, so intimacy and self-actualisation are superfluous.&#8221; The assessment of words from self-narratives using automated analyses might be an accurate and reliable screening tool for identifying narcissistic individuals. Words can be a window on the soul, and computers are learning to peer through that window. A study by Cornell university showed that computer analyses can identify the speech patterns that psychopaths tend to use. Psychopaths are inclined to make identifiable word choices when talking about their crimes, the study finds. Their words reflect their personalities, showing selfishness, detachment from their crimes and emotional flatness, report Jeff Hancock, Cornell professor of communication, and colleagues at the University of British Columbia reported Sept. 11 in the online edition of the journal Legal and Criminological Psychology.\u00a0 Hancock said: &#8220;Our paper is the first to show that you can use automated tools to detect the distinct speech patterns of psychopaths.&#8221; A psychopath, as described by psychologists, is emotionally flat, lacks empathy for the feelings of others, and is free of remorse. Psychopaths behave as if the world is to be used for their benefit, and they employ deception and feigned emotion to manipulate others. The words of the experimental subjects matched these descriptions. Psychopaths used more conjunctions like &#8220;because,&#8221; &#8220;since&#8221; or &#8220;so that,&#8221; implying that the crime &#8220;had to be done&#8221; to obtain a particular goal. They used twice as many words relating to physical needs, such as food, sex or money, while non-psychopaths used more words about social needs, including family, religion and spirituality. Study co-author Michael Woodworth, associate professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, prefaced the title of the paper with &#8220;Hungry Like the Wolf&#8221; to reflect the fact that psychopaths are predators and that their stories often included details of what they had to eat on the day of their crime. Psychopaths were more likely to use the past tense, suggesting a detachment from their crimes. They tended to be less fluent in their speech, using more &#8220;ums&#8221; and &#8220;uhs.&#8221;\u00a0 The exact reason for this is not clear, but the researchers speculate that the psychopath is trying harder to make a positive impression and needs to use more mental effort to frame the story.\u00a0 The researchers concluded: &#8220;The psychopath&#8217;s world view is fundamentally different from the rest of the human species.&#8221;\u00a0 The above details were\u00a0extracted from an article\u00a0 by Bill Steele that appeared in Cornell Chronicle on 17th October, 2011 The Bottom Line We rarely meet people exhibiting the above traits in real life. \u00a0These snake-cool actors\u00a0are thought to represent just 1% of the population, and we learn to avoid them.\u00a0 We mix with friends having common interests from an early age.\u00a0 Kids in the school playground, for instance, watch bullies congregate, see how they behave, and stay clear. On the internet bullies connect snakily, and without restraint. On a first encounter, cool actors may appear charming and charismatic.\u00a0 That&#8217;s why many abuse victims fail to recognise narcissistic behaviour for what it is.\u00a0 Scrutinising patterns of speech could help identify traits of manipulation and distortion that are evident early on.\u00a0 We hope these ideas assist in recognising snake-cool actors so you connect with warm people.\u00a0 Matt Haig writes: &#8220;Life is warmth.\u00a0 You&#8217;ll be cool when you&#8217;re dead.&#8221; Copyright \u00a9 2022.\u00a0 All Rights Reserved.\u00a0 Privacy &amp; Ethics Policies Contact the author here, or share with your friends:\u00a0 Caution Personal accounts are transcribed verbatim from the author&#8217;s case history of real-life interactions.\u00a0 The behaviours described are individual and distinctive and may not be transferrable to other settings. Edit Template&amp;source=https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/\" class=\"wpr-sharing-icon wpr-sharing-linkedin-in\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-linkedin-in\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><div class=\"elementor-grid-item\"><a href=\"mailto:?subject=Narcissists skillfully fake neurotypical  emotions&body=https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/narcissists-words-a-window-on-their-soul\/\" class=\"wpr-sharing-icon wpr-sharing-envelope\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-575757b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no 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.elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-size );}.elementor-6754 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2d7e2cb5 .elementor-heading-title{font-size:35px;}.elementor-6754 .elementor-element.elementor-element-65be12bd > .elementor-element-populated{padding:25px 0px 0px 0px;}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"6754\" class=\"elementor elementor-6754\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-621431e2 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-equal-height-no\" data-id=\"621431e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57937b6\" data-id=\"57937b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d7e2cb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d7e2cb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small\">Caution<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f9e0502 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7f9e0502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65be12bd\" data-id=\"65be12bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19c8ad94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19c8ad94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personal accounts are transcribed verbatim from the author&#8217;s case history of real-life interactions.\u00a0 The behaviours described are individual and distinctive and may not be transferrable to other settings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<span class=\"wpr-template-edit-btn\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/joebaker.me.uk\/joebaker\/?elementor_library=footnote\">Edit Template<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Window on The Soul Spotting Snakes by their Speech Patterns HOW ONLINE DATING SITES ISOLATE SNAKY MEMBERS It&#8217;s currently difficult for online dating sites to spot applications from potentially toxic individuals in advance.\u00a0 At present, admins and moderators wait until a member reports abuse by another member.\u00a0 Then the offender gets &#8216;ghosted,&#8217; i.e. their details will be hidden in searches. The troublemaker thinks they&#8217;re still on the site, but no one else can see them.\u00a0 When they get no &#8216;likes&#8217; they eventually lose interest and go away. A Telling Study of Online Profiles Psychologists Mike Woodworth and Steve Porter noticed manipulative language patterns in narcissistic individuals, prior to them being accepted as members of an online dating club. This ability to proactively assess language for tell-tale characteristics of deception will be of great benefit to dating agencies and their members. Being emotionally barren, narcissistic individuals are liable to abuse a romantic relationship. Unfortunately, that doesn\u2019t deter them from seeking liaisons to satisfy their need for supply. The words of narcissists reveal a predatory nature behind their mask Mike Woodworth points out: \u201cNarcissistic individuals have a prodigious ability to micromanage the way they present themselves. \u00a0There&#8217;s an almost chameleon like level of vivid awareness of how they appear to others, so it\u2019s tough trying to assess them face-to-face.\u00a0 Being able to sit back and analyse their speech is a good way to identify patterns of manipulation and distortion.\u201d Describing their ground-breaking research, Woodworth explains: &#8220;The narcissist&#8217;s world view is instrumental in style, that is to say their thinking focusses on functional needs.\u00a0 This pattern is evident in their speech.\u00a0 They talk more about material things, what they are going to do, what they will eat and drink and less about love, family, evil, God etc. \u2013 i.e. they concentrate on the lower level of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. \u00a0Ideas and emotions are only voiced in reaction. Food and physical wants are at the bottom of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs and literature suggests that Narcissists are much more focused on this lower level.\u00a0 They are really unconcerned with self-actualisation.\u00a0 They have a grandiose view of themselves as being the epitome of perfection already, so intimacy and self-actualisation are superfluous.&#8221; The assessment of words from self-narratives using automated analyses might be an accurate and reliable screening tool for identifying narcissistic individuals. Words can be a window on the soul, and computers are learning to peer through that window. A study by Cornell university showed that computer analyses can identify the speech patterns that psychopaths tend to use. Psychopaths are inclined to make identifiable word choices when talking about their crimes, the study finds. Their words reflect their personalities, showing selfishness, detachment from their crimes and emotional flatness, report Jeff Hancock, Cornell professor of communication, and colleagues at the University of British Columbia reported Sept. 11 in the online edition of the journal Legal and Criminological Psychology.\u00a0 Hancock said: &#8220;Our paper is the first to show that you can use automated tools to detect the distinct speech patterns of psychopaths.&#8221; A psychopath, as described by psychologists, is emotionally flat, lacks empathy for the feelings of others, and is free of remorse. Psychopaths behave as if the world is to be used for their benefit, and they employ deception and feigned emotion to manipulate others. The words of the experimental subjects matched these descriptions. Psychopaths used more conjunctions like &#8220;because,&#8221; &#8220;since&#8221; or &#8220;so that,&#8221; implying that the crime &#8220;had to be done&#8221; to obtain a particular goal. They used twice as many words relating to physical needs, such as food, sex or money, while non-psychopaths used more words about social needs, including family, religion and spirituality. Study co-author Michael Woodworth, associate professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, prefaced the title of the paper with &#8220;Hungry Like the Wolf&#8221; to reflect the fact that psychopaths are predators and that their stories often included details of what they had to eat on the day of their crime. Psychopaths were more likely to use the past tense, suggesting a detachment from their crimes. They tended to be less fluent in their speech, using more &#8220;ums&#8221; and &#8220;uhs.&#8221;\u00a0 The exact reason for this is not clear, but the researchers speculate that the psychopath is trying harder to make a positive impression and needs to use more mental effort to frame the story.\u00a0 The researchers concluded: &#8220;The psychopath&#8217;s world view is fundamentally different from the rest of the human species.&#8221;\u00a0 The above details were\u00a0extracted from an article\u00a0 by Bill Steele that appeared in Cornell Chronicle on 17th October, 2011 The Bottom Line We rarely meet people exhibiting the above traits in real life. \u00a0These snake-cool actors\u00a0are thought to represent just 1% of the population, and we learn to avoid them.\u00a0 We mix with friends having common interests from an early age.\u00a0 Kids in the school playground, for instance, watch bullies congregate, see how they behave, and stay clear. On the internet bullies connect snakily, and without restraint. On a first encounter, cool actors may appear charming and charismatic.\u00a0 That&#8217;s why many abuse victims fail to recognise narcissistic behaviour for what it is.\u00a0 Scrutinising patterns of speech could help identify traits of manipulation and distortion that are evident early on.\u00a0 We hope these ideas assist in recognising snake-cool actors so you connect with warm people.\u00a0 Matt Haig writes: &#8220;Life is warmth.\u00a0 You&#8217;ll be cool when you&#8217;re dead.&#8221; Copyright \u00a9 2022.\u00a0 All Rights Reserved.\u00a0 Privacy &amp; Ethics Policies Contact the author here, or share with your friends:\u00a0 Caution Personal accounts are transcribed verbatim from the author&#8217;s case history of real-life interactions.\u00a0 The behaviours described are individual and distinctive and may not be transferrable to other settings. 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